INFORMATION OF COMPUTER
COMPUTER-Computer is an electronic device ,which stores and processes data to give meaningful information.
An electronic machine that can store, find and arrange information ,calculate amounts and control other machines .
C-O-M-P-U-T-E-R=Common-Operating-Machine-Purposely-Used for-Technological and -Education.
COMPUTER-Common Operating Machine Purposely Used for Technological and Education.
ENIAC-The ENIAC was the first electronic programmable computer built in the U.S .
ENIAC-Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.
CHARACTERISTICS AND FEATURES OF COMPUTER
The characteristics of computer system are as follows.
ACCURACY-Computer perform calculations with 100% accuracy. Errors may occur due to data inconsistency or inaccuracy.
DILIGENCE-A computer can perform millions of tasks or calculations with the same time consistency and accuracy.it doesn't feel any fatigue or lack of concentration.
VERSATILITY-Versatility refers to the capability of a computer to perform different kinds of works with same accuracy and efficiency.
RELIABILITY-A computer is reliable as it gives consistent result for similar set of data.
AUTOMATION-Computer performs all the tasks automatically.it performs tasks without manual intervention.
MEMORY-A computer has built has in memory called primary memory where it stores data .secondary storage are removable devices such as CDs, pen drives .
FUNCTION OF COMPUTER
Taking data and instructions from a user ,processing the data as per instructions ,and displaying or storing the processed data.
THERE ARE FIVE PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPUTER.
- INPUT FUNCTION-Input refers to any information, or Raw data that is sent to a computer for processing.
INPUT DEVICES
2.PROCESSING FUNCTION-The CPU can be seen as the brain of computer ,accepting input data and instructions ,executing commands .
OUTPUT DEVICES
4.STORAGE FUNCTION -Storage is a mechanism that enables a computer to retain data ,either temporarily or permanently.
STORAGE DEVICE-A storage device is a piece of computer hardware used for saving ,carrying and pulling out data .it can keep and retain information short-term or long- term .other terms for storage device is storage medium or storage media.
- PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICE
- RANDOM ACESS MEMORY(RAM)
- SRAM
- DRAM
- Read Only Memory (ROM)
- EPROM
- PROM
- Memory
- Cache Memory
2.Secondary Storage Devices
- Hard Disk
- Floppy Disk
- CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read-only Memory)
COMPUTER ARCHITECTUREa
USES OF COMPUTERS
HOME-Computers are used at homes for several purpose like online bill payment, watching movies or shows at home , home tutoring ,social media access ,online playing game ,internet access etc.
BUSINESS-computers help in research ,production ,distribution, marketing ,banking ,team management ,data storage ,employee management and very helpful to increase productivity at a lower cost ,less time with high quality .computers is important in business.
EDUCATION-computers can be used to give learners audio visual packages interactive exercises and remote learning ,including tutoring over the internet .
Role of computers in Education
- storage information .
- Quick data processing .
- Audio -visual aids in teaching.
- Better presentation of information.
- Access to the internet.
- Quick communication between students, teachers and parents.
TECHNOLOGY-Technology is science or knowledge put into practical used to solve problems .
SCIENCE-Science is the study of the natural world through observation and experiments .
KNOWLEDGE-Knowledge (of about something) information ,understanding and skills that you have gained through learning or experience .
ADVANTAGE OF COMPUTER
One of the most advantage of computer is its incredible speed ,which helps human to finish their task in few seconds. centralized database of storing information is that the major advantage which will reduce cost.
- Quick feedback on performance.
- Increase your productivity.
- Connects you to the internet.
- Can store vast amounts of information and reduce waste.
- Helps sort ,organize ,and search through information.
- Get better understanding of data.
- Improves your employment options .
- Improves your abilities.
- Find love in your life.
- Keep you entertained.
- Save time.
- Useful for self-assessment.
DISADVANTAGE OF COMPUTER
A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to perform any task. each instruction has to be given to computer . A computer cannot take any decision on its own.
- Potential of loss of privacy.
- Time sink and lots of distractions.
- Increases waste and impacts the environment .
- Can reduce jobs .
- You could become anti social or depressed.
- Virus and hacking attacks.
- Online cyber crimes.
- Negative effect on environment.
BENEFITS OF COMPUTER
They can communicate with each other in a short time. computer are used to control the operation of machines.in modern day computer is a necessary technology, it can store extensive data in it.
MACHINE-A piece of equipment with moving parts that is designed to do particular job . A machine is a thing that is created by people to make work easier. it is a tool or invention which multiplies the effect of human effort .machine will change one form of energy to another form energy. .machine usually needs electricity .
PROGRAMABLE-Programable (of a computer or other machine ) able to be provided with coded instructions for the automatic performance of a task.
HISTORY OF COMPUTING
Since the creation of man, a significant amount of human activities has been ascribed to organizing and processing information so that it could be more easily presented for easy comprehension. Many devices have been used in the past before the advert of computer. It is then necessary to vividly look into their evolution. Early computing machines:
1. Abacus (-2500BC): This is a hand- held device made of beads stung on rods in a frame. The rods correspond to positions of the digits while the beads correspond to the digits.
2. Napier’s Bone (2500BC): This was invented by John Napier’s (1550 - 1617). This consists of small rods with appropriate markings on them. It is a mechanical aid to computation that consists of nine such rods (called bones) with one for each digit 1 through 9. He also invented logarithms which made possible to do division and multiplication by performing addition and subtraction.
3. Slide Rule (1600AD) by William Oughtred (1575 - 660): He invented it in 1622 but announced it in 1632 this consist of rules on which markings represent logarithms of numbers and also permits calculation involving exponents, trigonometric functions.
4. Pascal mechanical calculator (1600) or Numerical wheel calculator:-Blaise Pascal (1623 -1664) in 1642 invented the first adding machine called Pascaline. The brass rectangular box used eight moveable dials to add and sum up of eight figures long using base 10. It can perform all the four arithmetic operation with previous unheard speed
.
5.Punched-Card machine (Jacquard’s loom) (1801): Joseph Marie Jacquard.
The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of
computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that
fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful,
efficient and reliable devices.
First Generation - 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often
enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of
electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. First generation computers relied
on machine language to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based
on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers
are examples of first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered
to a business client. It was used in the 1951U.S. Bureau Census.
Second Generation - 1956-1963: Transistors
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor
was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 50s. The transistor was a vast
improvement over the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-
efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Second-generation computers still relied on
punched cards for input and printouts for output. Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary
machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in
words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of
COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory,
which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology. The first computers of this generation were
developed for the atomic energy industry.
6. Mechanical computer: Charles Babbage (1792-1871) Father of the computer. Difference engine powered by steam and large as locomotive the machine has a stored program and could perform calculations and print the result automatically. We also have Analytical engine credited to him.
GENERATION OF COMPUTER
The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful, efficient and reliable devices.
First Generation - 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. First generation computers relied on machine language to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices.
- The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client. It was used in the 1951U.S. Bureau Census.
Second Generation - 1956-1963: Transistors
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 50s. The transistor was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory .
Third Generation - 1964-1971: Integrated Circuits
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.
Fourth Generation - 1971-Present: Microprocessor
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.
Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that
fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful,
efficient and reliable devices.
First Generation - 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often
enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of
electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. First generation computers relied
on machine language to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based
on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers
are examples of first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered
to a business client. It was used in the 1951U.S. Bureau Census.
Second Generation - 1956-1963: Transistors
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor
was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 50s. The transistor was a vast
improvement over the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-
efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Second-generation computers still relied on
punched cards for input and printouts for output. Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary
machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in
words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of
COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory,
which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology. The first computers of this generation were
developed for the atomic energy industry.
Punched-Card machine (Jacquard’s loom) (1801): Joseph Marie Jacquard.
8 Mechanical computer: Charles Gabbage (1792-1871) Father of the computer. Difference engine
powered by steam and large as locomotive the machine has a stored program and could perform calculations
and print the result automatically. We also have Analytical engine credited to him.
Since the creation of man, a significant amount of human activities has been ascribed to organizing and
processing information so that it could be more easily presented for easy comprehension. Many devices have
been used in the past before the advert of computer. It is then necessary to vividly look into their evolution.
Early computing machines:
1. Abacus (-2500BC): This is a hand- held device made of beads stung on rods in a frame. The rods
correspond to positions of the digits while the beads correspond to the digits.
2. Napier’s Bone (2500BC): This was invented by John Napier’s (1550 - 1617). This consists of
small rods with appropriate markings on them. It is a mechanical aid to computation that consists of nine such
rods (called bones) with one for each digit 1 through 9. He also invented logarithms which made possible to do
division and multiplication by performing addition and subtraction.
3. Slide Rule (1600AD) by William Oughtred (1575 - 660): He invented it in 1622 but announced it
in 1632 this consist of rules on which markings represent logarithms of numbers and also permits calculation
involving exponents, trigonometric functions, etc.
4. Pascal mechanical calculator (1600) or Numerical wheel calculator:-Blaise Pascal (1623 -1664)
in 1642 invented the first adding machine called Pascaline. The brass rectangular box used eight moveable dials
to add and sum up of eight figures long using base 10. It can perform all the four arithmetic operation with
previous unheard speed.
5. Leibnitz mechanical multiplier (1600): In 1694 Gottfried Wilhem Von Leibnitz (1646 -1716)
improved upon the pascaline by creating a machine that can also multiply using a system of dials and gear.
6 Colmar’s Calculator (1820) by Charles Xavier Thomas de C
HISTORY OF COMPUTING
Since the creation of man, a significant amount of human activities has been ascribed to organizing and
processing information so that it could be more easily presented for easy comprehension. Many devices have
been used in the past before the advert of computer. It is then necessary to vividly look into their evolution.
Early computing machines:
1. Abacus (-2500BC): This is a hand- held device made of beads stung on rods in a frame. The rods
correspond to positions of the digits while the beads correspond to the digits.
2. Napier’s Bone (2500BC): This was invented by John Napier’s (1550 - 1617). This consists of
small rods with appropriate markings on them. It is a mechanical aid to computation that consists of nine such
rods (called bones) with one for each digit 1 through 9. He also invented logarithms which made possible to do
division and multiplication by performing addition and subtraction.
3. Slide Rule (1600AD) by William Oughtred (1575 - 660): He invented it in 1622 but announced it
in 1632 this consist of rules on which markings represent logarithms of numbers and also permits calculation
involving exponents, trigonometric functions, etc.
4. Pascal mechanical calculator (1600) or Numerical wheel calculator:-Blaise Pascal (1623 -1664)
in 1642 invented the first adding machine called Pascaline. The brass rectangular box used eight moveable dials
to add and sum up of eight figures long using base 10. It can perform all the four arithmetic operation with
previous unheard speed.
5. Leibnitz mechanical multiplier (1600): In 1694 Gottfried Wilhem Von Leibnitz (1646 -1716)
improved upon the pascaline by creating a machine that can also multiply using a system of dials and gear.
6 Colmar’s Calculator (1820) by Charles Xavier Thomas de C
HISTORY OF COMPUTING
Since the creation of man, a significant amount of human activities has been ascribed to organizing and
processing information so that it could be more easily presented for easy comprehension. Many devices have
been used in the past before the advert of computer. It is then necessary to vividly look into their evolution.
Early computing machines:
1. Abacus (-2500BC): This is a hand- held device made of beads stung on rods in a frame. The rods
correspond to positions of the digits while the beads correspond to the digits.
2. Napier’s Bone (2500BC): This was invented by John Napier’s (1550 - 1617). This consists of
small rods with appropriate markings on them. It is a mechanical aid to computation that consists of nine such
rods (called bones) with one for each digit 1 through 9. He also invented logarithms which made possible to do
division and multiplication by performing addition and subtraction.
3. Slide Rule (1600AD) by William Oughtred (1575 - 660): He invented it in 1622 but announced it
in 1632 this consist of rules on which markings represent logarithms of numbers and also permits calculation
involving exponents, trigonometric functions, etc.
4. Pascal mechanical calculator (1600) or Numerical wheel calculator:-Blaise Pascal (1623 -1664)
in 1642 invented the first adding machine called Pascaline. The brass rectangular box used eight moveable dials
to add and sum up of eight figures long using base 10. It can perform all the four arithmetic operation with
previous unheard speed.
5. Leibnitz mechanical multiplier (1600): In 1694 Gottfried Wilhem Von Leibnitz (1646 -1716)
improved upon the pascaline by creating a machine that can also multiply using a system of dials and gear.
6 Colmar’s Calculator (1820) by Charles Xavier Thomas de C
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